Kevin opened three different contractor quotes for his Atlanta living room and nearly dropped his coffee. Quote one: $4,800. Quote two: $7,200. Quote three: $5,500. Same room, same specifications, wildly different prices—and none of the contractors could adequately explain why their pricing differed so dramatically. One insisted his premium pricing reflected quality installation, another claimed the expensive quote included unnecessary upgrades, and the third seemed to be somewhere in the middle without clear justification. After two frustrating weeks trying to understand what constituted fair pricing, Kevin stumbled onto DIY mini-splits and discovered he could install a superior system himself for $2,400—less than half the lowest professional quote—while gaining complete transparency into where every dollar went.
The mini-split pricing confusion stems from a simple reality: this technology sits at the intersection of multiple trades, with costs varying based on electrical requirements, structural modifications, refrigerant handling, and contractor business models. After helping thousands of homeowners navigate this pricing maze, the patterns are clear. Professional installation costs roughly double your total investment compared to DIY, with most of that premium going to labor that pre-charged systems have made unnecessary. This comprehensive guide breaks down exactly what you'll pay for mini-split installation in 2025, covering equipment costs, labor rates, regional variations, hidden expenses most guides ignore, and the substantial savings available through strategic DIY installation.
Quick Answer for Budget Planning: Mini split installation costs $2,000-$14,500 depending on the number of zones, DIY versus professional installation, and equipment quality. Single-zone DIY installation averages $2,000-$3,500 total. Professional single-zone installation runs $3,500-$6,800. Multi-zone systems range from $6,000-$14,500 professionally installed, or $3,500-$7,500 DIY. The cost per square foot averages $3-$7 for DIY installations and $7-$15 for professional work.
💡 See Interactive Tools: Compare prices with our Price Comparison Tool and calculate your savings with our Whole Home Savings Calculator.
Real Customer Installation Costs (2025)
Case Study #1: Jessica from Portland - Single-Zone DIY
Jessica tackled her 350 square foot bedroom herself last spring, choosing a Zone 12,000 BTU system with 24 SEER2 efficiency. Her total investment came to $2,339, with the bulk of that going to equipment at $2,189. Since her bedroom already had an appropriate electrical circuit, she avoided any electrical work costs entirely. Installation accessories including mounting hardware and sealant added $150 to her total. Portland allows DIY mini-split installation without permits, saving her another $50-100 in permitting fees. From unboxing to enjoying cool air, Jessica completed the entire installation in 6 hours over a Saturday. Compared to the professional installation quotes she received ranging from $4,800-$5,200, her DIY approach saved $2,661 while giving her complete confidence in how her system works.
Case Study #2: Mike from Dallas - Dual-Zone Professional
Mike needed climate control for two spaces in his Dallas home: a 400 square foot master bedroom and a 550 square foot living room. He opted for professional installation of a dual-zone system featuring a 24,000 BTU outdoor unit paired with 12,000 and 18,000 BTU indoor heads. His total investment reached $8,450, broken down into $4,200 for mid-range equipment, $3,500 for professional installation labor, $450 for running a new 220-volt electrical circuit to power the system, and $300 for permits and city inspection. The HVAC contractor completed the entire project in 10 hours over a single day, minimizing disruption to Mike's household. While more expensive than DIY, Mike valued the professional warranty coverage and preferred leaving the electrical and refrigerant work to licensed technicians.
Case Study #3: The Johnsons from Phoenix - Whole-Home Multi-Zone
The Johnson family replaced their aging central air system in their 1,800 square foot Phoenix home with a comprehensive four-zone mini-split setup. They selected a premium Mitsubishi system consisting of a 48,000 BTU outdoor unit powering four 12,000 BTU indoor air handlers strategically placed throughout their home. Their total investment of $13,800 included $7,500 for the premium equipment package, $5,200 for professional installation across two full days of work, $750 for installing two new dedicated electrical circuits to power the system, and $350 for building permits and multiple city inspections. The two-day installation timeline allowed the contractors to carefully route linesets, ensure perfect refrigerant connections, and optimize each zone for maximum comfort. The Johnsons appreciated the independent control in each room and saw their summer electric bills drop from $340 to $180 monthly despite Phoenix's brutal heat.
Mini Split Installation Cost Overview (2025)
When you're budgeting for a mini split system, understanding the full cost picture helps you plan appropriately. For a single-zone setup, you're looking at equipment costs ranging from $1,500 to $3,000 if you're going the DIY route. Professional installation for a single zone typically runs between $3,500 and $5,500 total, which includes both the equipment and labor.
Multi-zone systems naturally cost more due to the additional indoor units and increased complexity. The equipment alone for a multi-zone setup ranges from $3,000 to $6,000, while professional installation can climb to $6,000-$12,000 or more depending on how many zones you're covering. If you're comfortable handling the installation yourself, you can bring a multi-zone system in for $3,500-$7,000 total.
Looking at it from a per-square-foot perspective, DIY installation typically costs between $3 and $7 per square foot, while professional installation runs $7-$15 per square foot. These numbers help you quickly estimate costs for your specific space.
Equipment Cost Breakdown
Single-Zone Systems
The size of your space determines which BTU rating you need, and that directly impacts your equipment costs. For smaller rooms up to 450 square feet, a 9,000 BTU unit is typically sufficient. Budget brands start around $800-$1,200, while mid-range options from manufacturers like Senville or Pioneer run $1,200-$1,800. If you're looking at premium brands like Mitsubishi or Daikin, expect to pay $1,800-$2,500. Zone's DIY complete kit with 24 SEER2 efficiency comes in at $1,999.
Step up to a 12,000 BTU unit for spaces up to 600 square feet, and the pricing shifts accordingly. Budget systems range from $1,000-$1,500, mid-range equipment runs $1,500-$2,200, and premium options can reach $2,200-$3,000. Zone DIY Series 12K BTU system with the complete installation kit and 24 SEER2 rating is priced at $2,189.
For larger spaces up to 850 square feet, you'll need an 18,000 BTU system. Budget options start at $1,400-$2,000, mid-range systems cost $2,000-$2,800, and premium brands can run $2,800-$3,800. Zone offers their 18K system with 22 SEER2 efficiency at $2,799 for the complete kit.
Multi-Zone Systems
When you're cooling multiple rooms, multi-zone systems become more cost-effective than installing separate single-zone units. A dual-zone system with 24K BTU total capacity ranges from $2,500-$3,500 for budget options, $3,500-$5,000 for mid-range brands, and $5,000-$7,000 for premium equipment. Zone DIY Series dual-zone complete system with 22 SEER2 efficiency is priced at $3,499.
Tri-zone systems capable of handling three separate rooms or areas start at $3,500-$4,500 for budget brands, climb to $4,500-$6,500 for mid-range options, and can reach $6,500-$9,000 for premium manufacturers. Zone DIY Series tri-zone DIY system with 22 SEER2 rating and everything you need for installation costs $4,999.
Ductless Mini Split Installation Cost (Labor)
When you hire a professional HVAC contractor, labor costs typically represent about half of your total investment. Understanding what drives these costs helps you budget appropriately and evaluate quotes. Contractors base their pricing on system complexity, your location, and their experience level.
For a single-zone installation, expect to pay $1,500-$3,000 in labor costs. Multi-zone systems require more time and complexity, so labor jumps to $3,000-$6,000. If you're adding zones beyond the initial setup, each additional zone typically adds $500-$1,000 to the labor bill. Most contractors charge between $75-$150 per hour, though this varies significantly by region.
What does professional installation include? Your contractor will mount both the indoor and outdoor units, run and connect the refrigerant lines, handle the electrical connection (usually 208-230V), set up the condensate drain, perform thorough system testing and startup, conduct vacuum and leak testing, and register your basic warranty. It's comprehensive service that ensures everything works correctly from day one.
Geography plays a huge role in installation costs. If you're in major urban areas like New York City, Los Angeles, or San Francisco, expect to pay 20-40% more than the national average. Rural areas might seem cheaper, but contractors often add $100-$200 in travel fees. California, New York, and Massachusetts see the highest rates, with single-zone installations running $2,500-$4,000. Meanwhile, homeowners in the Midwest and South enjoy lower average costs of $1,500-$2,500 for single-zone systems.
Time-wise, a single-zone installation typically takes 4-8 hours. Two-zone systems need 8-12 hours, while three or more zones can stretch to 12-16 hours of labor. These timeframes assume straightforward installations without complications like difficult wall access or electrical panel upgrades.
Additional Equipment Costs
Beyond the core system, you'll likely need a few additional items depending on your specific installation situation. If the standard lineset that comes with your system isn't long enough, you'll need extensions. A 16.5-foot extension typically costs $200-$400, while a 33-foot extension runs $300-$500. Professional linesets for DIY installations generally cost $150-$300 per 25 feet.
Mounting solutions vary based on your setup. An outdoor unit bracket for elevated mounting costs $100-$300, ceiling cassette mounts run $200-$400, and wall sleeves for through-wall installations are relatively affordable at $50-$150.
Electrical work represents one of the bigger potential additional costs. If you need a new 115V circuit installed, budget $150-$300. Most mini splits require 208-230V circuits, which cost $300-$600 to install. If your electrical panel doesn't have capacity for the new circuit, a panel upgrade can set you back $800-$2,500. You'll also need a disconnect box near the outdoor unit, which runs $75-$150.
Several accessories can enhance your system's functionality and appearance. WiFi thermostat upgrades cost $100-$250 and let you control your system from your phone. Decorative line covers that hide the refrigerant lines run $50-$200. If you're dealing with challenging drainage situations, a condensate pump costs $150-$300. And protecting your investment with a surge protector adds $50-$150 to your total.
Permit and Compliance Costs
Most municipalities require building permits for mini split installations, though the costs and requirements vary widely. Typical building permits run $50-$200, though some areas offer free permits for DIY homeowners. After installation, you'll likely need an inspection, which adds another $50-$150 to your costs.
If you live in a community with a homeowners association, factor in their requirements too. Some HOAs charge application fees ranging from free to $100, and they might require cosmetic upgrades like specific line cover colors or outdoor unit screening that can cost $100-$500. Many HOAs require approval but don't charge fees—just make sure to get their sign-off before starting your project.
Hidden Costs to Consider
Every installation has potential surprises, so budgeting a buffer helps avoid stress. Before installation begins, you might need an electrical panel capacity check (free to $150) or a professional load calculation, also called a Manual J, which costs $150-$300. Site assessments run $100-$200, though many contractors waive this fee if you hire them for the full installation.
During the installation process, wall repairs or patching where you've routed lines can add $100-$300. Occasionally, systems need additional refrigerant beyond what's pre-charged, costing $100-$300. Challenging drain line routing might require extra work worth $100-$400, and unexpected mounting situations could need additional hardware costing $50-$200.
After installation, some homeowners opt for professional startup service to ensure everything's dialed in perfectly, which costs $150-$300. Ongoing filter replacements run $20-$60 annually, professional cleaning costs $100-$200 per year, and extended warranty options add $200-$600 to your initial investment. Not everyone needs all these services, but knowing they exist helps you budget realistically.
DIY Installation Savings
Going the DIY route delivers substantial savings. For a single-zone system, you'll save $1,500-$3,000 by handling the installation yourself. Multi-zone systems offer even bigger savings of $3,000-$6,000 when you skip professional labor.
If you don't already own basic tools, you'll need to invest a bit upfront. Basic hand tools run $50-$150, a good level costs $20-$50, and a quality drill/driver is $50-$150. Even if you need to buy everything, you're looking at just $120-$350 total—far less than professional labor costs.
Time-wise, plan on 4-8 hours for a single-zone installation and 8-16 hours for multi-zone systems. Add another 2-4 hours for learning and research if this is your first installation. While it's an investment of time, many homeowners find the process rewarding and appreciate understanding exactly how their system works.
Zone DIY Series pre-charged lineset system delivers a huge advantage for DIY installers. Traditional mini split installation requires expensive specialized tools: a vacuum pump ($300-$1,500), manifold gauge set ($100-$300), refrigerant ($100-$300), and EPA 608 certification ($150-$250). By using pre-charged linesets, you completely avoid these requirements, saving $650-$2,350 in specialized equipment and certification costs.
Operating Costs
Your monthly electricity costs depend heavily on your system's efficiency rating. For a single-zone 12K BTU system running typical usage, a budget 18 SEER system costs $45-$65 monthly, while Zone DIY Series 24 SEER2 system runs just $30-$45 per month. That's $180-$240 in annual savings just from higher efficiency.
Step up to a dual-zone system with two 12K BTU units, and the efficiency gap widens. A budget 18 SEER system costs $75-$110 monthly, while Zone DIY Series 22 SEER2 system runs $55-$80 per month. You're looking at $240-$360 in annual electricity savings.
Maintenance costs are refreshingly low with mini splits. If you're comfortable cleaning filters yourself, it's free—the filters are washable and reusable. Professional annual service runs $100-$200 if you prefer having a technician handle everything. Refrigerant top-ups are rarely needed with quality installations, but if required, they cost $150-$300.
Mini Split Installation Cost vs New AC Unit Cost
Comparing ductless mini split installation cost vs new AC unit cost (central air) helps determine the best investment for your home.
Ductless Mini Split Installation Cost (Complete)
Single-Zone System (12K BTU):
- Equipment: $1,500-$3,000
- Installation labor: $1,500-$3,000
- Electrical work: $200-$600
- Permits: $50-$200
- Total: $3,250-$6,800
Multi-Zone System (Dual 12K):
- Equipment: $3,000-$6,000
- Installation labor: $3,000-$6,000
- Electrical work: $300-$800
- Permits: $100-$300
- Total: $6,400-$13,100
New AC Unit Cost (Central Air)
Complete System Replacement:
- Equipment (3-ton): $3,500-$7,500
- Installation labor: $2,500-$5,000
- Ductwork (new): $3,000-$7,000
- Ductwork (repair): $500-$2,000
- Electrical: $300-$1,000
- Permits: $100-$300
- Total NEW system: $9,900-$20,800
- Total with existing ducts: $6,900-$13,800
Cost Comparison Summary
| System Type | Equipment | Labor | Total Cost | |-------------|-----------|-------|------------| | Mini Split (1 zone) | $1,500-$3,000 | $1,500-$3,000 | $3,250-$6,800 | | Mini Split (2 zones) | $3,000-$6,000 | $3,000-$6,000 | $6,400-$13,100 | | Central AC (with ducts) | $3,500-$7,500 | $2,800-$6,000 | $6,900-$13,800 | | Central AC (new ducts) | $3,500-$7,500 | $5,500-$12,000 | $9,900-$20,800 |
Key Insight: Ductless mini split installation cost is 20-50% lower than new AC unit cost when ductwork installation is required. For homes without existing ducts, mini-splits offer significant savings.
Long-Term Cost Analysis (15 Years)
Zone 12K DIY System:
- Equipment: $2,189
- Installation (DIY): $150
- Electricity (15 years): $8,100
- Maintenance: $1,500
- Total: $11,939
Professional Mini Split:
- Equipment: $2,500
- Professional install: $2,500
- Electricity (15 years): $11,700
- Maintenance: $2,000
- Total: $18,700
Central AC (New System):
- Equipment: $5,500
- Professional install: $4,000
- Ductwork repairs: $1,000
- Electricity (15 years): $14,400
- Maintenance: $2,500
- Total: $27,400
Savings with Mini Split: $8,700-$15,500 over 15 years compared to central AC
Savings with Zone DIY: $6,761 over 15 years
Energy Rebates & Tax Credits
Federal Tax Credits (2024):
- Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit: Up to $2,000
- Must be Energy Star certified with SEER2 ≥16
- Zone DIY Series systems qualify: All models
Utility Rebates:
- Energy Star rebates: $200-$500
- Cold climate specifications: $200-$800
- NEEP certified: $500-$1,200
- Regional programs: $100-$1,000
State/Local Incentives:
- California: Up to $3,000
- Massachusetts: Up to $10,000 (includes heat pump incentives)
- New York: $500-$1,500
- Vermont: Up to $2,500
Total Potential Savings: $500-$5,000+
Check DSIRE for your area's specific rebates.
Cost Comparison: Mini-Split vs. Alternatives
vs. Window AC Units:
- 3 window units: $900-$1,500 + $800/year electricity
- Single mini-split: $2,200 + $400/year electricity
- Break-even: 3-4 years, then continuous savings
vs. Central Air (no existing ducts):
- Central air + ductwork: $8,000-$15,000
- Multi-zone mini-split (DIY): $4,000-$5,000
- Savings: $4,000-$10,000 upfront
vs. Electric Baseboard Heat:
- 1,000 sq ft electric heat: $150-$250/month winter
- Mini-split heat pump: $50-$90/month winter
- Annual heating savings: $600-$1,200
How to Save Money on Mini-Splits
Smart shopping and planning can dramatically reduce your total mini split costs. The single biggest savings opportunity is DIY installation, which saves $1,500-$3,000 for most homeowners. Choose pre-charged systems like Zone that don't require specialized tools or EPA certification. Watch installation videos, follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully, and take your time—there's no need to rush.
Timing your purchase strategically can save another $200-$800. Shop during the off-season in fall or spring when demand is lower and dealers are more willing to negotiate. Holiday sales often feature significant discounts, and end-of-year model closeouts can deliver exceptional value on last year's models that perform identically to new releases.
Maximizing available rebates and incentives can save $500-$5,000 or more. Apply for all applicable federal, state, and utility rebates. Choose Energy Star certified systems to qualify for the most programs. Document your installation thoroughly for tax credits, and check with your utility company for additional programs they might offer.
Right-sizing your system prevents wasting money on excess capacity. Oversized systems cost more upfront and actually reduce efficiency and comfort. Use a Manual J load calculation or our free sizing guide to determine exactly what you need. Consider your actual usage patterns rather than just square footage—you might not need to condition every room in your home.
Strategic zone selection saves $500-$2,000 by installing mini splits only where they'll deliver the most value. Keep using your existing heating system in guest rooms, closets, or rarely-used spaces. Place multi-zone indoor units strategically to maximize coverage with fewer units.
Zone Value Proposition
Zone keeps costs lower through our direct-to-consumer business model. We sell directly to homeowners without dealer markups, design our systems specifically for DIY installation, and run an efficient online operation that eliminates traditional retail overhead.
What do you get for your investment? Premium efficiency ratings of 22-24 SEER2, pre-charged linesets that eliminate the need for special tools, complete installation kits with everything included, comprehensive warranties (5-year parts, 7-year compressor on select models), 24/7 technical support from actual HVAC professionals, and full Energy Star and NEEP certification.
The price comparison tells the story. A Mitsubishi 12K system with professional installation costs $5,000-$7,000. Daikin's equivalent setup runs $4,500-$6,500. Zone DIY Series 12K DIY system costs $2,189. You're saving $2,300-$4,800 while getting comparable or better efficiency and features.
Is a Mini-Split Worth the Cost?
Determining whether a mini split makes financial sense requires calculating your specific payback period. Start by comparing your current heating and cooling costs to what you'd pay with a mini split. Factor in the annual energy savings based on your climate and usage. Add all available rebates and tax credits to reduce your net investment. Finally, consider the comfort improvements and zoned control—benefits that don't show up on your electricity bill but significantly impact your quality of life.
Here's a real-world example. If you're replacing electric baseboard heat that costs $2,400 annually, and a mini split heat pump would cost just $900 per year to run, you're saving $1,500 annually. After rebates, your Zone DIY Series system might cost $1,500 net. That's a one-year payback period—incredibly rare in home improvement investments. After that first year, you're pocketing $1,500 in savings every single year while enjoying superior comfort.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does it cost to install a mini split yourself?
DIY mini split installation costs $2,000-$5,500 total, including equipment ($1,500-$4,000), installation accessories ($100-$300), electrical work if needed ($200-$600), and permits ($0-$200). Zone DIY Series pre-charged systems eliminate the need for vacuum pumps and EPA certification, saving $650-$2,350 in specialized tools. Most DIYers complete installation in 4-8 hours.
What is the cheapest way to install a mini split?
The cheapest method is DIY installation with a quality pre-charged system like Zone. This approach costs $2,000-$3,500 for a single-zone system versus $4,000-$6,800 for professional installation—saving $1,500-$3,300. Shop during off-season (fall/spring) for additional $200-$500 savings. Apply for all available rebates ($500-$2,000+) to reduce net cost further.
Is it worth paying for professional mini split installation?
Professional installation makes sense if: (1) You're uncomfortable working at heights, (2) Need complex electrical work, (3) Installing 3+ zones, or (4) Local codes require licensed contractors. However, for standard single-zone installations, DIY saves $1,500-$3,000 and modern pre-charged systems make it straightforward for anyone comfortable with basic tools.
How much does a 12,000 BTU mini split cost installed?
A 12,000 BTU mini split costs $3,500-$6,000 professionally installed, or $2,000-$3,000 DIY installed. Breakdown: Equipment ($1,500-$3,000), professional labor ($1,500-$3,000), electrical work ($200-$600), and permits ($50-$200). Zone DIY Series 12K BTU system costs $2,189 for the complete DIY kit with 24 SEER2 efficiency.
What size mini split do I need and how much will it cost?
Room size determines BTU needs and cost:
- Up to 350 sq ft: 9K BTU ($2,000-$4,500 installed)
- 350-550 sq ft: 12K BTU ($3,500-$6,000 installed)
- 550-850 sq ft: 18K BTU ($4,500-$7,500 installed)
- Whole home (1,500-2,000 sq ft): Multi-zone ($8,000-$14,500 installed)
Use our free sizing calculator for a precise recommendation.
How does mini split cost compare to central air?
Central air costs $6,900-$13,800 if you have existing ductwork, or $9,900-$20,800 if you need new ductwork installed. Single-zone mini splits cost $3,500-$6,800 professionally installed. Multi-zone mini splits for whole-home cooling cost $6,000-$14,500—similar to central air with ducts, but $4,000-$8,000 less than installing new ductwork.
Are mini splits cheaper to run than central AC?
Yes. Mini splits cost 30-40% less to operate than central air. A 12K BTU mini split (24 SEER2) costs $30-$45/month for 8 hours daily use. Equivalent cooling with central air costs $50-$70/month. Annual savings: $240-$300 per zone. Over 15 years, you'll save $3,600-$4,500 in electricity costs.
What hidden costs should I expect?
Common hidden costs include: electrical panel upgrades if needed ($800-$2,500), extended linesets beyond 25 feet ($200-$500), wall repairs for lineset routing ($100-$300), condensate pump for challenging drainage ($150-$300), and HOA cosmetic requirements ($100-$500). Budget an extra $300-$800 beyond the quoted price for potential surprises.
Can I get tax credits or rebates for mini splits?
Yes! Federal tax credits offer up to $2,000 for Energy Star certified systems. Utility rebates range from $200-$1,000. State incentives vary: Massachusetts offers up to $10,000, California up to $3,000, Vermont up to $2,500. Cold climate rebates (NEEP certified) add $500-$1,200. Total potential savings: $500-$5,000+. Check DSIRE for your area.
How long does mini split installation take?
DIY installation takes 4-8 hours for single-zone, 8-16 hours for multi-zone systems. Professional installation typically completes in one day for 1-2 zones, or 1.5-2 days for 3-5 zones. The actual installation is straightforward—most time goes to careful mounting, refrigerant line routing, and thorough testing.
Bottom Line: What You'll Really Pay
Budget-Conscious (DIY Single-Zone): $2,000-$3,500
- Best for: One room, comfortable with tools, want maximum savings
- Example: Zone 12K system ($2,189) + accessories ($150) + permit ($100) = $2,439
Mid-Range (Professional Single-Zone): $4,000-$6,000
- Best for: Want professional installation, standard 1-2 zones
- Example: Quality equipment ($2,500) + installation ($2,500) + electrical ($400) = $5,400
Premium (Whole-Home Multi-Zone): $8,000-$14,500
- Best for: Replacing entire HVAC system, 3-5 zones, premium brands
- Example: Premium equipment ($7,000) + installation ($5,000) + electrical ($800) = $12,800
After rebates and tax credits, subtract $500-$5,000 from these totals.
Next Steps
Ready to get the best value for your HVAC investment?
- Use our free sizing calculator to determine your exact BTU needs
- Browse Zone mini split systems for premium DIY options
- Check available rebates in your area
- Read our DIY installation guide if going the DIY route
Questions about costs or sizing? Our technical support team is available 24/7 to help you make the most cost-effective choice for your specific situation.
About the Author: Caleb Hilton is a Cost Analysis Specialist at Zone Air with expertise in financial planning and HVAC investment optimization. With a background in accounting, Caleb excels at breaking down installation costs, calculating lifetime savings, and helping homeowners understand the true ROI of different HVAC options. He specializes in comparing professional vs DIY costs, analyzing equipment pricing structures, and identifying hidden expenses that impact total project costs. When not analyzing budgets, Caleb creates financial models showing homeowners exactly how much they'll save over 10, 15, and 20 years with different system choices.
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